varnish-cli¶
Varnish Command Line Interface¶
- Manual section:
7
DESCRIPTION¶
Varnish has a command line interface (CLI) which can control and change most of the operational parameters and the configuration of Varnish, without interrupting the running service.
The CLI can be used for the following tasks:
- configuration
You can upload, change and delete VCL files from the CLI.
- parameters
You can inspect and change the various parameters Varnish has available through the CLI. The individual parameters are documented in the varnishd(1) man page.
- bans
Bans are filters that are applied to keep Varnish from serving stale content. When you issue a ban Varnish will not serve any banned object from cache, but rather re-fetch it from its backend servers.
- process management
You can stop and start the cache (child) process though the CLI. You can also retrieve the latest stack trace if the child process has crashed.
If you invoke varnishd(1) with -T, -M or -d the CLI will be available. In debug mode (-d) the CLI will be in the foreground, with -T you can connect to it with varnishadm or telnet and with -M varnishd will connect back to a listening service pushing the CLI to that service. Please see varnishd for details.
Syntax¶
The Varnish CLI is similar to another command line interface, the Bourne Shell. Commands are usually terminated with a newline, and they may take arguments. The command and its arguments are tokenized before parsing, and as such arguments containing spaces must be enclosed in double quotes.
It means that command parsing of
help banner
is equivalent to
"help" banner
because the double quotes only indicate the boundaries of the help
token.
Within double quotes you can escape characters with \ (backslash). The \n, \r, and \t get translated to newlines, carriage returns, an tabs. Double quotes and backslashes themselves can be escaped with \” and \\ respectively.
To enter characters in octals use the \nnn syntax. Hexadecimals can be entered with the \xnn syntax.
Commands may not end with a newline when a shell-style here document (here-document or heredoc) is used. The format of a here document is:
<< word
here document
word
word can be any continuous string chosen to make sure it doesn’t appear naturally in the following here document. Traditionally EOF or END is used.
Quoting pitfalls¶
Integrating with the Varnish CLI can be sometimes surprising when quoting
is involved. For instance in Bourne Shell the delimiter used with here
documents may or may not be separated by spaces from the << token:
cat <<EOF
hello
world
EOF
hello
world
With the Varnish CLI, the << and EOF tokens must be separated by
at least one blank:
vcl.inline boot <<EOF
106 258
Message from VCC-compiler:
VCL version declaration missing
Update your VCL to Version 4 syntax, and add
vcl 4.0;
on the first line of the VCL files.
('<vcl.inline>' Line 1 Pos 1)
<<EOF
##---
Running VCC-compiler failed, exited with 2
VCL compilation failed
With the missing space, the here document can be added and the actual VCL can be loaded:
vcl.inline test << EOF
vcl 4.0;
backend be {
.host = "localhost";
}
EOF
200 14
VCL compiled.
When using a front-end to the Varnish-CLI like varnishadm, one must
take into account the double expansion happening. First in the shell
launching the varnishadm command and then in the Varnish CLI itself.
When a command’s parameter require spaces, you need to ensure that the
Varnish CLI will see the double quotes:
varnishadm param.set cc_command '"my alternate cc command"'
Change will take effect when VCL script is reloaded
Otherwise if you don’t quote the quotes, you may get a seemingly unrelated error message:
varnishadm param.set cc_command "my alternate cc command"
Unknown request.
Type 'help' for more info.
Too many parameters
Command failed with error code 105
If you are quoting with a here document, you must wrap it inside a shell multi-line argument:
varnishadm vcl.inline test '<< EOF
vcl 4.0;
backend be {
.host = "localhost";
}
EOF'
VCL compiled.
Other pitfalls include variable expansion of the shell invoking varnishadm
but this is not directly related to the Varnish CLI. If you get the quoting
right you should be fine even with complex commands.
JSON¶
A number of commands with informational responses support a -j parameter
for JSON output, as specified below. The top-level structure of the JSON
response is an array with these first three elements:
A version number for the JSON format (integer)
An array of strings that comprise the CLI command just received
The time at which the response was generated, as a Unix epoch time in seconds with millisecond precision (floating point)
The remaining elements of the array form the data that are specific to the CLI command, and their structure and content depend on the command.
For example, the response to status -j just contains a string in
the top-level array indicating the state of the child process
("running", "stopped" and so forth):
[ 2, ["status", "-j"], 1538031732.632, "running"
]
The JSON responses to other commands may have longer lists of elements, which may have simple data types or form structured objects.
JSON output is only returned if command execution was successful. The
output for an error response is always the same as it would have been
for the command without the -j parameter.
Commands¶
auth <response>¶
Authenticate.
backend.list [-j] [-p] [<backend_pattern>]¶
List backends. -p also shows probe status.
-j specifies JSON output.
backend.set_health <backend_pattern> [auto|healthy|sick]¶
Set health status on the backends.
ban <field> <operator> <arg> [&& <field> <oper> <arg> …]¶
Mark obsolete all objects where all the conditions match.
See ban(STRING) for details
ban.list [-j]¶
List the active bans.
Unless
-jis specified (for JSON output), the output format is:
Time the ban was issued.
Objects referencing this ban.
Cif ban is completed = no further testing against it.if
lurkerdebugging is enabled:
Rfor req.* tests
Ofor obj.* testsPointer to ban object
Ban specification
help [-j] [<command>]¶
Show command/protocol help.
-j specifies JSON output.
panic.clear [-z]¶
Clear the last panic, if any, -z will clear related varnishstat counter(s)
panic.show [-j]¶
Return the last panic, if any.
-j specifies JSON output – the panic message is returned as an unstructured JSON string.
param.reset <param>¶
Reset parameter to default value.
param.set <param> <value>¶
Set parameter value.
param.show [-l|-j] [<param>|changed]¶
Show parameters and their values.
The long form with -l shows additional information, including documentation and minimum, maximum and default values, if defined for the parameter. JSON output is specified with -j, in which the information for the long form is included; only one of -l or -j is permitted. If a parameter is specified with <param>, show only that parameter. If changed is specified, show only those parameters whose values differ from their defaults.
pid [-j]¶
Show the pid of the master process, and the worker if it’s running.
-jspecifies JSON output.
ping [-j] [<timestamp>]¶
Keep connection alive.
The response is formatted as JSON if -j is specified.
quit¶
Close connection.
start¶
Start the Varnish cache process.
status [-j]¶
Check status of Varnish cache process.
-j specifies JSON output.
stop¶
Stop the Varnish cache process.
storage.list [-j]¶
List storage devices.
-j specifies JSON output.
vcl.discard <configname|label>¶
Unload the named configuration (when possible).
vcl.inline <configname> <quoted_VCLstring> [auto|cold|warm]¶
Compile and load the VCL data under the name provided.
Multi-line VCL can be input using the here document Syntax.
vcl.label <label> <configname>¶
Apply label to configuration.
vcl.list [-j]¶
List all loaded configuration.
-j specifies JSON output.
vcl.load <configname> <filename> [auto|cold|warm]¶
Compile and load the VCL file under the name provided.
vcl.show [-v] <configname>¶
Display the source code for the specified configuration.
vcl.state <configname> [auto|cold|warm]¶
Force the state of the named configuration.
vcl.use <configname|label>¶
Switch to the named configuration immediately.
Backend Pattern¶
A backend pattern can be a backend name or a combination of a VCL name and backend name in “VCL.backend” format. If the VCL name is omitted, the active VCL is assumed. Partial matching on the backend and VCL names is supported using shell-style wilcards, e.g. asterisk (*).
Examples:
backend.list def*
backend.list b*.def*
backend.set_health default sick
backend.set_health def* healthy
backend.set_health * auto
Ban Expressions¶
A ban expression consists of one or more conditions. A condition consists of a field, an operator, and an argument. Conditions can be ANDed together with “&&”.
A field can be any of the variables from VCL, for instance req.url, req.http.host or obj.http.set-cookie.
Operators are “==” for direct comparison, “~” for a regular expression match, and “>” or “<” for size comparisons. Prepending an operator with “!” negates the expression.
The argument could be a quoted string, a regexp, or an integer. Integers can have “KB”, “MB”, “GB” or “TB” appended for size related fields.
VCL Temperature¶
A VCL program goes through several states related to the different commands: it can be loaded, used, and later discarded. You can load several VCL programs and switch at any time from one to another. There is only one active VCL, but the previous active VCL will be maintained active until all its transactions are over.
Over time, if you often refresh your VCL and keep the previous versions around, resource consumption will increase, you can’t escape that. However, most of the time you want only one to pay the price only for the active VCL and keep older VCLs in case you’d need to rollback to a previous version.
The VCL temperature allows you to minimize the footprint of inactive VCLs. Once a VCL becomes cold, Varnish will release all the resources that can be be later reacquired. You can manually set the temperature of a VCL or let varnish automatically handle it.
Scripting¶
If you are going to write a script that talks CLI to varnishd, the include/cli.h contains the relevant magic numbers.
One particular magic number to know, is that the line with the status code and length field always is exactly 13 characters long, including the NL character.
The varnishapi library contains functions to implement the basics of the CLI protocol, see the vcli.h include file.
Authentication with -S¶
If the -S secret-file is given as argument to varnishd, all network CLI connections must authenticate, by proving they know the contents of that file.
The file is read at the time the auth command is issued and the contents is not cached in varnishd, so it is possible to update the file on the fly.
Use the unix file permissions to control access to the file.
An authenticated session looks like this:
critter phk> telnet localhost 1234
Trying ::1...
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
107 59
ixslvvxrgkjptxmcgnnsdxsvdmvfympg
Authentication required.
auth 455ce847f0073c7ab3b1465f74507b75d3dc064c1e7de3b71e00de9092fdc89a
200 279
-----------------------------
Varnish Cache CLI 1.0
-----------------------------
Linux,4.4.0-1-amd64,x86_64,-jnone,-smalloc,-smalloc,-hcritbit
varnish-trunk revision dc360a4
Type 'help' for command list.
Type 'quit' to close CLI session.
Type 'start' to launch worker process.
The CLI status of 107 indicates that authentication is necessary. The first 32 characters of the response text is the challenge “ixsl…mpg”. The challenge is randomly generated for each CLI connection, and changes each time a 107 is emitted.
The most recently emitted challenge must be used for calculating the authenticator “455c…c89a”.
The authenticator is calculated by applying the SHA256 function to the following byte sequence:
Challenge string
Newline (0x0a) character.
Contents of the secret file
Challenge string
Newline (0x0a) character.
and dumping the resulting digest in lower-case hex.
In the above example, the secret file contained foon and thus:
critter phk> cat > _
ixslvvxrgkjptxmcgnnsdxsvdmvfympg
foo
ixslvvxrgkjptxmcgnnsdxsvdmvfympg
^D
critter phk> hexdump -C _
00000000 69 78 73 6c 76 76 78 72 67 6b 6a 70 74 78 6d 63 |ixslvvxrgkjptxmc|
00000010 67 6e 6e 73 64 78 73 76 64 6d 76 66 79 6d 70 67 |gnnsdxsvdmvfympg|
00000020 0a 66 6f 6f 0a 69 78 73 6c 76 76 78 72 67 6b 6a |.foo.ixslvvxrgkj|
00000030 70 74 78 6d 63 67 6e 6e 73 64 78 73 76 64 6d 76 |ptxmcgnnsdxsvdmv|
00000040 66 79 6d 70 67 0a |fympg.|
00000046
critter phk> sha256 _
SHA256 (_) = 455ce847f0073c7ab3b1465f74507b75d3dc064c1e7de3b71e00de9092fdc89a
critter phk> openssl dgst -sha256 < _
455ce847f0073c7ab3b1465f74507b75d3dc064c1e7de3b71e00de9092fdc89a
The sourcefile lib/libvarnish/cli_auth.c contains a useful function which calculates the response, given an open filedescriptor to the secret file, and the challenge string.
EXAMPLES¶
Load a multi-line VCL using shell-style here document:
vcl.inline example << EOF
vcl 4.0;
backend www {
.host = "127.0.0.1";
.port = "8080";
}
EOF
Ban all requests where req.url exactly matches the string /news:
ban req.url == "/news"
Ban all documents where the serving host is “example.com” or “www.example.com”, and where the Set-Cookie header received from the backend contains “USERID=1663”:
ban req.http.host ~ "^(?i)(www\\.)?example\\.com$" && obj.http.set-cookie ~ "USERID=1663"